Global science and innovation play a critical role in addressing the challenges faced by humanity, including climate change, health and food security. In this context, existing challenges are triggers for innovation that can lead to significant opportunities. This discussion will explore various aspects related to science and innovation, as well as the challenges and opportunities that arise from the interaction between the two. One of the main challenges in science and innovation is the need to adapt to climate change. Research shows that increasing global temperatures can impact various sectors, including agriculture and health. In this context, agricultural technological innovations such as the use of genetically modified seeds can increase plant resistance to extreme conditions. However, public acceptance of genetically engineered products is still a challenge that must be overcome through education and transparency. In addition, the health sector is facing major challenges due to pandemics and infectious diseases. The mRNA vaccine developed to fight COVID-19 is an example of rapid and effective innovation. This success opens up opportunities for further research in fighting other diseases using similar technology. However, equitable access to vaccines is still an important obstacle so that the benefits of this innovation can be felt by all levels of society. Collaboration between countries is also an important factor in encouraging global innovation. Initiatives such as Horizon Europe seek to facilitate cross-border research to address global issues. However, differences in regulations and policies between countries often hinder the flow of ideas and innovation. For this reason, harmonization of regulations and policies at the international level is very necessary to create a conducive environment for research. Investment in research and development (R&D) is also a key factor in stimulating innovation. Countries that invest heavily in R&D tend to produce more and better quality innovations. However, the challenge for developing countries is limited resources and adequate infrastructure. This is where strategic partners and associations can help, by providing funding and knowledge to drive innovation. In the digital era, information and communication technology (ICT) plays an important role in supporting innovation. Big data and analytical analysis allow researchers to discover previously unseen patterns. However, ICT algorithms and models can also lead to unfairness and bias if not managed carefully. These challenges require an ethical approach to technology development, ensuring equal access and fair use for all individuals. Sustainable innovation is also a key focus, with increased awareness of environmental impacts. The circular economy concept is widely adopted to reduce waste and maximize resource use. However, the shift towards a circular economy requires a paradigm shift at the industry and consumer level, which is often hampered by old habits and lack of knowledge. In the world of education, the challenge of integrating science and innovation in the curriculum is an important issue. Schools and universities need to adopt a multidisciplinary approach to equip future generations with the skills necessary to face the complexity of global problems. Practicum activities that involve real collaboration with industry can increase the relevance of education to the changing job market. Ultimately, challenges and opportunities in science and global innovation are interrelated. Any innovative initiative must consider the social, economic and environmental context. Through a holistic approach, we can create sustainable solutions that are not only innovative, but also inclusive, so that they are able to answer the challenges facing global society today.